Function

• A properly constructed, installed and maintained septic tank functions by pumping household waste water and sewage into an underground tank, which is usually constructed of fiberglass, polyethylene or concrete. The tank holds the waste water, allowing the solids to eventually sink to the bottom. As new water is added to the tank some water flows out of the tank into the drain field where it is filtered as it percolates through the soil.
  
  

Features

• The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) says it is the homeowner's responsibility for maintaining their septic tank. Failure to properly maintain a home septic system may result in contaminated ground water, which may contaminate the drinking water supply for the homeowner and the surrounding community. Poorly maintained septic tanks may have to be replaced, which can cost thousands of dollars.
  
  

Types

• There are numerous types of septic tank problems. More waste water flowing into the septic tank than it was designed to handle can cause waste water to back up into the home. Systems installed in unsuitable fields or that are improperly installed may fail. Septic tanks that are paved over or have heavy equipment driven on top of them may crack and fail. Tree roots can grow through septic lines or into septic tanks through small cracks. Household toxins, such as oil-based paints, solvents and harsh cleansers, can kill the organisms in the septic tank that break down organic solids.
  
  

Prevention/Solution

• The EPA recommends a four-step program for preventing septic tank problems. The first step involves inspecting the septic tank on a regular basis. The EPA recommends professional inspection at least once every three years. The tank should be pumped out at least once every five years. The second step involves learning to use water efficiently. The EPA estimates the average single family home uses approximately 70 gallons of water per day. Leaky toilets can triple that amount. Low-flow toilets, faucet aerators and high-efficiency shower heads can help reduce the amount of water being used. Step three involves being aware of what goes down the drain. In addition to harsh chemicals that can kill helpful bacteria, such items as dental floss, feminine hygiene products, cat litter, condoms and other household products can clog or damage the septic system. Step four involves the proper care of the drain field. Do not drive over the septic system. Don't plant anything except grass in the drain field.
  
  

Warning

• Noxious gases can build up in septic tanks. Never enter any septic tank, even an old, abandoned tank. These gases can cause loss of consciousness and may result in death.